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Historical revisionism involves either the legitimate scholastic re-examination of existing knowledge about a historical event, or the illegitimate distortion of the historical record. For the former, i.e. the academic pursuit, see historical revisionism.〔"The two leading critical exposés of Holocaust denial in the United States were written by historians Deborah Lipstadt (1993) and Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman (2000). These scholars make a distinction between historical revisionism and denial. Revisionism, in their view, entails a refinement of existing knowledge about an historical event, not a denial of the event itself, that comes through the examination of new empirical evidence or a re-examination or reinterpretation of existing evidence. Legitimate historical revisionism acknowledges a 'certain body of irrefutable evidence' or a 'convergence of evidence' that suggest that an event – like the black plague, American slavery, or the Holocaust – did in fact occur (Lipstadt 1993:21; Shermer & Grobman 200:34). Denial, on the other hand, rejects the entire foundation of historical evidence. ... " Ronald J. Berger. ''Fathoming the Holocaust: A Social Problems Approach'', Aldine Transaction, 2002, ISBN 0-202-30670-4, p. 154.〕 This article deals solely with the latter, the distortion of history, which—if it constitutes the denial of historical crimes—is also sometimes called negationism.〔'Negationism' derives from the French ''Le négationnisme'', denoting Holocaust denial.(Kornberg, Jacques. (The Future of a Negation: Reflections on the Question of Genocide.(Review) (book review) ), Shofar, January 2001). It is now also sometimes used for more general political historical revisionism as ((PDF) UNESCO against racism world conference ) 31 August – 7 September 2001 "Given the ignorance with which it is treated, the slave trade comprises one of the most radical forms of historical negationism." Pascale Bloch has written in ''International law: Response to Professor Fronza's The punishment of Negationism'' (Accessed ProQuest Database, 12 October 2011) that: 〕〔Kriss Ravetto (2001). (The Unmaking of Fascist Aesthetics ), University of Minnesota Press ISBN 0-8166-3743-1. p. 33〕 In attempting to revise the past, illegitimate historical revisionism may use techniques inadmissible in proper historical discourse, such as presenting known forged documents as genuine; inventing ingenious but implausible reasons for distrusting genuine documents; attributing conclusions to books and sources that report the opposite; manipulating statistical series to support the given point of view; and deliberately mis-translating texts (in languages other than the revisionist's).〔''Lying About Hitler: History, Holocaust, and the David Irving Trial'', by Richard J. Evans, 2001, ISBN 0-465-02153-0. pg. 145. The author is a professor of Modern History, at the University of Cambridge, and was a major expert-witness in the ''Irving v. Lipstadt'' trial; the book presents his perspective of the trial, and the expert-witness report, including his research about the Dresden death count.〕 Some countries, such as Germany, have criminalised the negationist revision of certain historical events, while others take a more cautious position for various reasons, such as protection of free speech; still others mandate negationist views. Notable examples of negationism include Holocaust denial, Armenian Genocide denial, Japanese war crime denial, and Soviet historiography.〔Klaus Mehnert, ''Stalin Versus Marx: the Stalinist historical doctrine'' (Translation of ''Weltrevolution durch Weltgeschichte'') Port Washington NY: Kennikat Press 1972 (1952), on the illegitimate use of history in the 1934–1952 period.〕〔Roger D. Markwick, ''Rewriting history in Soviet Russia : the politics of revisionist historiography, 1956–1974'' New York ; Basingstoke : Palgrave, 2001, on legitimate Soviet Historiography particularly in the post 1956 period.〕 In literature, the consequences of historical revisionism have been imaginatively depicted in some works of fiction, such as ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'', by George Orwell. In modern times, negationism may spread via new media, such as the Internet. ==Purposes== Usually, the purpose of historical negation is to achieve a national, political aim, by transferring war-guilt, demonizing an enemy, providing an illusion of victory, or preserving a friendship.〔Harold D. Lasswell, (Propaganda Technique in World War I. ) 1927, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-62018-9 p.xxii-xxvii〕 Sometimes the purpose of a revised history is to sell more books or to attract attention with a newspaper headline.〔Matthew d'Ancona, ( History men battle over Britain's future. ) The Times, 9 May 1994; ProQuest Database (. Retrieved 12 October 2011).〕 The historian James M. McPherson said that negationists would want revisionist history understood as, “a consciously-falsified or distorted interpretation of the past to serve partisan or ideological purposes in the present”.〔McPherson disagrees with this as the sole definition of revisionist history – he argues rightly that revisionism (academically) is the 'lifeblood of history.' James McPherson. (Revisionist Historians ). Perspectives, 2003. American Historical Association.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Historical revisionism (negationism)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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